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来源: 光华美高 编辑:佚名
以下内容来自光华美高英语教研组组长田荟老师的个人原创,感谢田老师的学术分享。本文以经典英国小说《傲慢与偏见》为背景,选取其中的片段,详细分析了英语中的“比较结构”。文章较长,可收藏分段阅读。
光华美高
简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》客观讲述了19世纪初英国一个中产家庭嫁女儿的故事,以男女主角- 达西先生Darcy与伊丽莎白小姐Elizabeth的婚姻为主线,顺便成就了其它三段婚姻。
这四段婚姻给读者留下了很多思考,究竟什么是比较好的爱情与婚姻?对,作者没有在书中告诉我们孰优孰劣。但是在简奥斯汀的无处不在的对比中,读者也会情不自禁比较个一二三来。
先来理一下故事线。
Bennet 先生膝下无子,5个女儿待字闺中。当时英国社会的限定继承使得这家人很着急,婚姻是保障她们不沦落街头的唯一方式了。于是老母亲四处奔走,带着女儿们参加各种舞会,以期认识金龟婿。一次舞会上,大女儿Jane与翩翩公子Bingley看对了眼,二女儿Elizabeth与Bingley的好友Darcy也在人群中多看了彼此一眼,但是Elizabeth眼中的Darcy就是pride(傲娇)的化身,自持高贵,傲慢无礼。接着,Darcy的闰土级别伙伴Wickham以风度翩翩的“受害者”形象出现,大肆造谣Darcy手段卑劣 ,将他活生生从一个财产继承人变成了四处奔走的军人;另一边,她大姐Jane与Bingley的婚事也告吹了。在去好闺蜜Charlotte婚后新家做客时,Elizabeth碰到了很谈得来的Darcy表弟;于是获知,Darcy为搅黄了好友的婚事而沾沾自喜。至此,基于先前**印象,满怀对Wickham同情与对Darcy忿恨,以及对Darcy插手Jane与Bingley爱情的记恨,Elizabeth对他的看法简直坏到了极致。可是,这时候Darcy却经常在她眼前晃动,还时不时在她享受独步时来个偶遇,而且还带来了浪漫的自杀式求婚。
求婚现场
In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. (Chapter 34)
一般人听到这样的真情告白,可能感动加感激了。而Elizabeth的表情却是这样子的:
① Elizabeth’s astonishment was beyond expression. (Chapter 34)
解释:beyond + noun. (expression, comparison, recognition etc.) 不可... ,言语不能表达她的震惊(此处含有有名的意味了)。
看对方没反应,Darcy就趁势攻击一下对方的情感:
②Mr. Darcy spoke well, but there were feelings besides those of the heart to be detailed, and he was not more eloquent on the subject of tenderness than of pride. (Chapter 34)
解释:not more + adj./adv. + A than B,字面意思“A 不比 B更…”,即强调后者。此句意思是,哪怕是缱绻情愫,他也是傲娇地表露,没有温柔。
Elizabeth看他那十拿九稳的样子,又还在傲娇,自然没有好话,一来没有礼貌性的感激,二来让他再以当初压制情感的方式把他的爱克制下去,简直让贵公子Darcy措手不及:
③Mr. Darcy, who was leaning against the mantelpiece with his eyes fixed on her face, seemed to catch her words with no less resentment than surprise. (Chapter 34)
解释:no less (adj./adv./noun.) A than B, A 和 B 一样都…, 两者都…, Darcy听到这番话是又吃惊又生气。
于是开始询问Elizabeth为甚么这么轻而易举就拒绝了他,而且嘴欠地来了句,虽然理由并不重要。Elizabeth本来就对他成见(prejudice)满满,这正好有了发泄机会:
④You cannot deny that you have been the principal, if not the only means of dividing them from each other, of exposing one to the censure of the world for caprice and instability, the other to its derision for disappointed hopes, and involving them both misery of the acutestkind. (Chapter 34)
解释:one…, the other…, 两者指的是婚姻的主要当事人Bingley与Jane; acutest,有名,极度的。Elizabeth指责Darcy分开这对年轻人,让姐姐成为大家的笑柄,并使他们陷入极度的伤痛。
⑤ You deprived the best years of his life, of that independence which was no less his duethan his desert. (Chapter 34)
解释:best years, 有名,比较好的年华;no less (adj./adv.) A than B, A 和 B 一样都…, 两者都…。Elizabeth接着指责 Darcy剥夺了原本属于Wickham应得与馈赠的经济独立。
听到这里,Elizabeth没有答应他的求婚,还公然指责他的人品, Darcy已经很不开心了,继续犯浑:
⑥Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections? To congratulate myself on the hope of relations, whose condition in life is so decidedly beneath my own?(Chapter 34)
解释:inferiority,inferior的名词,意为“低劣”,常见于 be inferior to…,这是暗含的比较,相当于be lower than…; beneath,介词属性,意为 “在…之下”。Darcy自视高贵,嘲讽Elizabeth家亲戚地位低,不配与他这样上等人结为亲戚。
Elizabeth 面对表白不成,还嫌弃自家亲戚的Darcy,可以说是气急败坏了:
⑦Elizabeth felt herself growing more angry every moment; yet she tried to the utmost to speak with composure when she said: “ you are mistaken, Mr. Darcy, if you suppose that the mode of your declaration affected me in any other way, than as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentleman-likemanner.” (Chapter 34)
解释:grow more angry,比较级,情感变化;utmost,词,意为”**可能“,她在隐忍,尽可能控制自己的情绪维持礼节;any other (+ A) than B, 除B以外都含在内,这半句略微有点复杂,先说than后的部分:“ as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentleman-like manner”
**层:as it spared me the concern; as 引导的方式状从,作为 in this (any other) way 的并列方式,it 指代前文“mode of your declaration”,即你的表白方式除了给我带了不安。
第二层: (the concern) which I might have felt in refusing you; concern后有定语从句限定,“不安源自于拒绝”;
第三层:had you behaved in a more gentleman-like manner;这是if 非真实条件句对过去的虚拟+省略 (ding, 高级句式),假如你刚才表白再绅士礼貌一些,或许我会因为拒绝你而觉得不安。言外之意,你这么嫌弃我家人,还指望我因为拒绝你而有一丝不安吗?
再加上前面有“you are mistaken” 算是半个否定转移,所以Elizabeth意思是“假如你刚才表白方式再绅士礼貌一些,或许我会因为拒绝你而过意不去。除了这丁点不安之外,你要是觉得你的表白还对我产生任何其它的影响,那真是大错特错了。”
Elizabeth趁着机会,把她内心深处对他的**印象也全部倒了出来:
⑧From the very beginning, from the first moment I may almost say, of my acquaintance with you, your manners, impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form that groundwork of disapprobation. (Chapter 34)
解释:fullest belief,有名“fullest”修饰 belief,“笃定地认为,不带一丝怀疑”。意即,从一开始,从我们**刻认识,你的举止行动就让我笃定地认为,你傲慢无礼,狂妄自大,自私自利,瞧不起别人的感受,这足以让我对你深恶痛绝。
拒绝的理由充分了,个人的厌恶情感也表达了,Elizabeth再重申一下自己的决定:
⑨ I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry. (Chapter 34)
解释:the last ( + noun.) + to do, 字面意思,最后去做什么,“最不愿意做”。意即,我认识你不到一个月,我就觉得,天底下所有的男人中,你是我最不愿意嫁的那种人。
回到闺蜜家里,Elizabeth大哭了半小时,心情久久不能平复。第二天,这件事仍萦绕她心头,让她没办法专注,于是她就去花园散步。忽然,Darcy跳出来,给她递了封信,就走开了。虽然心里很厌恶,但是行动很老实,她迫不及待读起了信。
自救现场
⑩I write without any intention of paining you, or humbling myself, by dwelling on wishes which, for the happiness of both, cannot be too soon forgotten; and the effort which the formation and the perusal of this letter must occasion, should have been spared, had not my character required it to be written and read. (Chapter 35)
解释:not …too + adj./adv., 太…也不为过,强调后面的adj./adv. 程度。写信的目的,不是为了旧事重提,让双方难堪,为了双方幸福,还是快快忘掉昨天的诉情与表白。但是,拗不过自己的性格,写下这封信,劳烦对方花心思静心读信。
这么一听,感觉Darcy很体面,与昨天判若两人。尽管昨天被残忍拒绝,Darcy仍然照顾对方感受,用信件来说明情况,避免双方随时争吵起来。于是,他开门见山,告诉Elizabeth,她对他的两项指责完全不是一个性质。
⑪Wilfully and wantonly to have thrown off the companion of my youth, the acknowledged favourite of my father, a young man who had scarcely any other dependence than on our patronage, and who had been brought up to expect its exertion, would be a depravity, to which the separation of two young persons, whose affection could be the growth of only a few weeks, could bear no comparison. (Chapter 35)
解释:scarely any other A than B = no other (A) than (B)… 正是B,除了B 再也没有其它的(A), 一个除了仰仗我们资助别无依靠的青年人;A bear no comparison to B, A 与 B 不可相提并论。意即,”我小时候的伙伴,大家公认是先父的宠儿,一个无依无靠从小就仰仗我们施恩的青年, 一个被领养到能够自力更生的青年,竟被我无情无义抛弃了,这真是我的罪;但是,那对青年男女,不过只有几星期的好感而已,拆散他们和这件罪不能相提并论。”
先说Elizabeth最关切的亲姐姐的婚事,Darcy 把全程经过一五一十都写出来了。
⑫Bingley preferred your eldest sister to any other young woman in the country. (Chapter 35)
解释:prefer A to B, 比起B,更偏爱A,Bingley 在当地所有的少女中偏爱令姐Jane。
可是,当时在Lucas家举办的舞会上,Darcy与Elizabeth跳舞时,偶然间听到Lucas老先生说, Bingley对Jane的爱慕已经人尽皆知,以为他们就要谈婚论嫁了。于是,Darcy开始观察Bingley和Jane的行为,发现前者爱意明显,但是后者却不中意任何人,而且不容易被取悦。昨天听到Elizabeth告诉他,姐姐矜持娴静,在她面前也不透露自己的真实情感。他有些怀疑自己的判断了:
⑬Your superior knowledge of your sister must make the latter probable. (Chapter 35)
解释:superior,常用于 be superior to…, 优于…, 高于…; 这里Darcy认为Elizabeth比自己更加了解Jane,所以他先前的判断是错的,他错怪了Jane。
⑭ I shall not scruple to assert, that the serenity of your sister’s countenance and air was such as might have given the most acute observer a conviction that, however amiable her temper, her heart was not likely to be easily touched. (Chapter 35)
解释:the most acute, 有名,观察力最敏锐的人也以为Jane性格和蔼,但很难打动。
但基于先前对Jane为人的误判,Darcy很担心Bingley卷入看似心机满满的婚姻中,于是极力劝阻他,将反对婚姻的原因不吐不快:
⑮The want of connection could not be so great an evil to my friend as to me. (Chapter 35)
解释:not so + adj./adv. + as…, as … as… 否定形式,强调后者,即我朋友不如我重视门户高低问题。
说完了门第问题,Darcy又说到了Elizabeth妈妈的娘家人地位低,而且全家人行为举止毫无体统,但是Elizabeth和Jane除外(自救现场):
⑯Amidst your concern for the defects of your nearest relations, and your displeasure of the representation of them, let it give you consolation to consider that, to have conducted yourselves so as to avoid any share of the like censure, is praise no less generally bestowed on you and your elder sister, than it is honorable to the sense and disposition of both.(Chapter 35)
解释:nearest relations 至亲,指的是妈妈的娘家人;no less (adj./adv./noun.) A than B, A 和 B 一样都…, 两者都…。这里把Jane和Elizabeth从她们毫无体统的家里除开,还夸她们举止优雅,聪明大方,性情适宜。(谁还能拒绝褒奖呢?)
继续说回拆散Jane姻缘:眼见Elizabeth这家父母亲和三个小妹妹如此失礼,Darcy觉得很有必要帮助好友摆脱这场婚姻:
⑰ I will only say farther that, from what passed that evening, my opinion of all parties was confirmed, and every inducement heightened, which could have led me before to preserve my friend from what I esteemed a most unhappy connection. (Chapter 35)
解释:farther,更进一步,递进的关系;a most + adj. + noun. = very adj. + noun.,此处指一桩非常不幸的婚姻。意即,“我还想说,从那晚看到那种情形之后,我不禁越发确定对每个人的看法,越发加深了我的偏见,觉得我很有必要阻止我的朋友,不让他缔结这门很不幸的婚姻。”
接着坦承自己在这场分离中的所作所为,先是追随Bingley回到伦敦,阻止他回去,并且极力劝说他放弃对Jane的追求。顺便提到:
⑱ Bingley has great natural modesty, with a stronger dependence on my judgement than on his own. (Chapter 35)
解释:stronger A than B,也就是,Bingley 生性谦和,一遇到事情,更仰仗Darcy来出主意。
出的主意想必大家也从前文知道了,而且Darcy做了一件自认为非常不光彩的事情,就是故意隐瞒Jane来伦敦的消息,尽管略失身份,但是事已至此:
⑲ On this subject I have nothing more to say, no other apology to offer. (Chapter 35)
解释:nothing more, 没有更多的,或常见于 nothing more than A, 仅仅只有 A,别无其它;no other + noun., 没有其它的…。 意即,“以上都是我所知所想所做,不当之处我已经致歉,没什么好辩解的。”
关于第二项指责,Darcy直截了当地否认了,然后说出他与Wickham两家的关系,陈述事实真相,还找到不少做派正直的人来做见证。两家关系要从Wickham父亲给Darcy家里做管家说起,因为老Wickham先生**得力,人品正直,引得Darcy老先生决定帮他们家一把,尤其是他的儿子Wickham。于是先是供他读书,把他培养成绅士;还在遗嘱里叮咛Darcy要辅助他在教堂里谋一份职务,并且尽可能帮助他晋升,另还给他1000英镑。但是,Wickham不愿意接受神职,以要学法律为由,与Darcy做了一份交易,即放弃眼下与将来任何在教堂任职的机会,而且作为补偿,Darcy要付给他3000英镑。可是等到钱花得差不多了,Wickham就反悔了。但是他再谋神职的申请被Darcy拒绝了。两人的梁子便结下了。他的境遇愈困苦,怨恨就愈深:
⑳His resentment was in proportion to the distress of his circumstances — and he was doubtless as violent in his abuse of me to others as in his reproaches to myself.
解释:as + adj./adv./noun. A as B, 意为 A 和 B一样…,即 无疑,他当面指责我还是在背后辱骂我都是一样凶狠恶毒。
本已没有交情的两个人,却因一件Darcy不想为外人道的事情改变了:
㉑ I must now mention a circumstance which I would wish to forget myself, and which no obligation less than the present should induce me to unfold to any human being.
解释:no less (adj./adv.) A than B, A 和 B 一样都…, 两者都…,这里指“既是义务又是当前情况”;补充:
1) no more(adj./adv.) A than B: A 和 B 一样都不…, 两者都不;
2) not more(adj./adv.) A than B: A 不如 B …;
3) not less (adj./adv.) A than B: A 比 B更…, 类似于 more A than B。
这件事便是,Wickham故意靠近Darcy的妹妹,并且利用小时候的交情取得了妹妹的信任和喜爱,让她以为这是爱情,并怂恿她不顾一切私奔。好在Darcy赶过去阻止了这一切。看到这里,Elizabeth似乎懵了,这与她之前从Wickham那里听到的故事完全不同,而且几乎撕裂了她之前对充满了傲娇(pride)的Darcy先生的偏见 (prejudice)。
这场不成功的表白与成功的自救是这本书的高潮部分,看似两人的爱情随着求婚失败而终止,但Elizabeth对Darcy的感情却是从这封信开始的,转折由此开始。当然故事还剩下25章节,男女主角并不是由此直接牵手步入婚姻殿堂,还有助攻。至于是谁的什么助攻,那就要靠大家自己去阅读领略了。
这篇文章写在世界读书日(4月23日),当大家都在为选读哪本书的时候,不妨静下心来读读这本世界经典,跟着简奥斯汀学英语(比较的表达法)。当然,文中列出来的21处比较表达只来自于34/35章节,文中还有大量其它的比较表达,这是与作者写此书的主题是契合的,即婚姻是如何妥协和突破阶级观念与阶级束缚。通读全篇,不仅令读者感叹作者细腻入微的洞察力与尖锐直白的思想,还有令人叹为观止的表达力,如遣词造句,虚拟语气,诙谐幽默等)。让我们一睹为快吧。
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